ADHD is not a "new" psychological problem nor is it a failure, for the purpose of personal gain or financial profit of pharmaceutical companies, mental health, or created by the media. It is a very real and behavioral disorder, affects millions of people nationwide. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), ADHD is one of the most common mental disorders in children and adolescents. According to NIMH, the estimated number ofChildren with ADHD is between 3% - 5% of the population. NIMH also estimates that 4.1 percent of adults have ADHD.
Although it has taken some time for our society to accept as a bona fide mental and / or medical disorder ADHD, but in reality it is a problem that has in modern literature for at least 200 years noted. Already in 1798, ADHD was first described in medical literature by Dr. Alexander Crichton, which he for "MentalUnrest. "A tale of an apparent ADHD youth," The Story of Fidgety Philip "was written in 1845 by Dr. Heinrich Hoffmann. In 1922, ADHD was recognized as a post-encephalitic behavior disorder. In 1937 it was discovered that stimulants help control hyperactivity in children. 1957 Methylphenidate (Ritalin), has been commercially available to treat hyperactive children.
The formal and accepted the mental health / behavioral diagnosis of ADHD is relativelyrecent. In the early 1960s, ADHD was called "Minimal Brain Dysfunction" means. In 1968, the disorder was known as "hyperkinetic reaction of childhood." At this point, the emphasis was placed more on the hyperactivity than inattention symptoms. 1980 was diagnosed with ADD - Attention Deficit Disorder, changed with or without hyperactivity, "the equal emphasis placed on hyperactivity and inattention. Until 1987, the disorder was renamed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) and was divided into four categories (see below). Since ADHD was as a medical disorder to behavioral problems.
Currently, ADHD is the DSM-IV-TR defines (the accepted diagnostic manual) as a disorder, which is divided into four categories:
1. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Inattentive Type (formerly known as ADD) is a disorder of attention and markedConcentration.
2. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Hyperactive, Impulsive Type (formerly known as known as ADHD) is characterized by inattention without hyperactivity.
3. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, (combined type is the most common type) includes all the symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.
4. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder not otherwise specified. This category is for the ADS-disorders, areprominent symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not the DSM-IV-TR criteria for a diagnosis.
To understand better about ADHD and its four sub-categories, it helps to hyperactivity, impulsivity, illustrating, and / or inattention by examples.
Typical symptoms of hyperactive youth include:
Often "on the go" or driven as by a motor "
Feeling restless
Moving to the hands and feet, nervous or twine
Getting up frequently to walkor walk
Running or climbing excessively when it is inappropriate
Difficulty playing quietly or in a quiet leisure activities
Talking excessively or too rapidly
Often leave seat is expected to sit for a stay
Often can not calm participate in social activities
Typical symptoms of impulsivity in youth include:
Acting rashly or suddenly, without thinking to first
Blurting out answers before questions are fully
After a difficult timein anticipation of
Often interrupting conversations or activities of other
Poor decision or decisions in social situations that lead to the child is not accepted by his own peer group.
Typical symptoms of inattention in youth include:
Not attention to details or makes careless mistakes
If you have problems to stay focused and is easily distracted
Not appear to listen when spoken
Often forgetful in daily life
If you have problems remainorganized, plan ahead and finishing projects
Lose or misplace homework, books, toys or other objects
Does not seem to listen when spoken directly
Not following instructions and otherwise for the activities, homework, chores or duties in the workplace quit
Avoid or dislike tasks that require ongoing mental effort or concentration
Of the four sub-ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive type of distinction, to recognize, and the easiest toto diagnose. The hyperactive and impulsive symptoms in behavior in the various fields of expression, in which a child interacts, ie, at home, with friends, at school and / or during sports or extracurricular activities. Because of the hyperactive and impulsive features of this sub-category, of course, these children often attract the attention (negative) of their environment. Compared to children without ADHD, they are difficult to teach, teach, coach, and with thoseto communicate. Moreover, they tend to disrupt, seemingly contradictory, reckless, accident prone and socially underdeveloped.
Parents of ADHD youth often report frustration, anger and emotional exhaustion of their child's inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Over time, they will receive professional services, many parents of ADHD children describe complex feelings of anger, fear, despair and guilt. Your multiple "errors" on arrivalconcentrate their children, pay attention to and action in following directions, responsibilities and tasks in a feeling of hopelessness and despair lead. These parents often report feeling guilty over their anger, loss of patience, discipline and reactive style. Both psychotherapists and psychiatrists who worked with the parents of ADHD youths, the "fun" with the words: "If someone does not help, my child, give me a drug!
The following statistics (Dr. Russell Barkley and Dr. Tim will) show the far-reaching impact of ADHD in adolescence.
ADHD is a childhood on the frequency of 6-8%, with the disease continues into adolescence for 75% of patients, with 50% of cases lasting into adulthood.
Boys are diagnosed with ADHD 3 times more often than girls.
Emotional development in children with ADHD is 30% slower than non-ADHD peers.
65% of children with > ADHD exhibit problems in defiance or problems with authorities. This can include verbal hostility and temper tantrums.
Young people with ADHD have almost four times as much traffic citations than non-ADD / ADHD drivers. They have four times as many car accidents, and seven times more likely to second to an accident.
Skipping 21% of adolescents with ADHD to school regularly, and 35% leave school before graduation.
45% of children with> ADHD have been suspended from school at least once.
30% of children with ADHD have repeated a grade.
Youth who are treated with drugs a six times less likely to develop a substance abuse disorder through adolescence.
The juvenile justice system, together 75% of children diagnosed with learning disabilities, including ADHD.
ADHD is a genetically transmitted disease. Research by the National Institute of Medical Health (NIMH funded)and the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) have clear evidence to show that ADHD runs in families. Have to show, according to a new study, over 25% of first-degree relatives of the families of ADHD children also have ADHD. Other studies have shown that 80% of adults with ADHD have at least one child with ADHD and 52% had two or more children with ADHD. The genetic context of ADHD has important implications for the treatment, because other children in aFamilies can also ADHD. There is also quite possible that the parents may have ADHD. Of course get more complicated issues, if the parents are diagnosed with ADHD have problems with their ADHD child. Therefore, it is crucial to assess a family incidence of ADHD, to the assessment of ADHD in adolescence.
Diagnose Attention Deficit Disorder Inattentive Type in youth is not an easy task. More harm than good is done when a personmisdiagnosed. A wrong diagnosis can lead to unnecessary treatment, ie, a prescription for ADHD medications and / or unnecessary psychological, behavioral and / or education services. Unnecessary treatment with ADHD medications can be emotionally and physically harmful. Conversely, if an individual run correctly diagnosed and then treated for ADHD, the potential for dramatic changes in the life limit.
A doctor (a preferablyPsychiatrist) or other approved, trained and qualified psychologist can diagnose ADHD. Only certain medical professionals can prescribe medications. These are physicians (MD or DO), nurses and physician assistants (PA) under the supervision of a physician. However, a psychiatrist, because of their training and experience in mental disorders, are best qualified to prescribe ADHD medication.
While the ADHD HyperactiveYouth diagnosed with type are easily noticed with ADHD inattentive type are prone to be false, or, worse, will not even notice. In addition, ADHD inattentive type youth are often mislabeled, misunderstood, and even for a disease over which they have blamed no control. Because ADHD inattentive type manifests itself more inward and less in behavior, these adolescents are characterized not so often the potential treatment of providers. Therefore, these young people are often not obtainedpotentially life-improving treatment, ie, psychotherapy, school counseling / coaching, educational services, and / or medical and psychiatric services. Unfortunately, many "falling through the cracks" of social services, mental health, juvenile justice and education systems.
Unrecognized and untreated adolescents with ADHD may in adults with low self-esteem concepts to develop low self-esteem, the associated emotional, educational and employment problems. According to reliable statistics, Adultswith unrecognized and / or untreated ADHD are more prone to alcohol and drug problems to develop. It is common to try adolescents and adults with ADHD to calm them, or treat yourself ", with addictive substances such as alcohol, marijuana, narcotics, sedatives, nicotine, cocaine and amphetamines illegally prescribed or street) (stimulants.
About 60% of the people, the symptoms as a child still had symptoms of ADHD as adults. Andonly 1 in 4 adults with ADHD in childhood, diagnosed and treated even less. Due to the increased public awareness and marketing of pharmaceutical companies about their medicines, more adults are now looking for help with ADHD. However, many of these adults who were not treated as children bear emotional, educational, personal, and occupational "scars." As children of these people did not feel "so smart, successful and / or sympathetic" as their non-ADHDCounterparts. Then explain to anyone why they are fighting for home, with friends and at school, she naturally turned inward to explain their deficits. Finally, they will internalize the negative messages about themselves, leaving less chance for success as adults.
Similar to adolescents, adults with ADHD have serious problems with concentration or attention, or are overactive (hyperactive) in one or more areas of life. Some of theCommon problems include:
Problems with work or career, often lose or leave their jobs
Problems can be as good as you should at work or at school
Problems with daily tasks such as housework to pay bills, and organize things
Problems with relationships, because you do not forget important things that can finish tasks, or get upset about little things
Ongoing stress and worry because you do not meet goals and tasks
Ongoing, strong feelingsFrustration, guilt, blame or
According to Adult ADHD Research:
ADHD can be 30% of people who had childhood ADHD.
ADHD does not develop in adulthood. Only those who have had the disorder since early childhood really suffer from ADHD.
Act to stop an important criterion of ADHD in adults "disinhibition" - the inability to impulsive. Hyperactivity is much less likely than a symptom of the disease in adulthood.
Adults with ADHD tend to forget appointments, and are often socially inappropriate - making rude or insulting remarks - and they are poorly organized. You can find the prioritization difficult.
Adults with ADHD find it difficult to form lasting relationships.
Adults with ADHD have problems with short-term memory.Almost all people with ADHD suffer from other psychological problems - particularly depression and substance abuse.
Although there is no consensus about the cause of the> ADHD, there is a general consensus in the medical and mental health communities, which are biological in nature. Some are general explanations for ADHD: a chemical imbalance in the brain, malnutrition, early brain injury / brain trauma, or obstacles to the normal development of the brain (the use of cigarettes and alcohol during pregnancy poses). ADHD may also dysfunctions of the caused brain or neurological disorders. Dysfunction in the areas in the frontal lobes, basalGanglia, cerebellum, and can adversely affect the regulation of behavior, inhibition, short-term memory, planning, self-monitoring, verbal regulation, motor control and emotional impact of regulation.
Since you have a successful treatment of this disease profound positive emotional, social and family outcomes, an accurate diagnosis is very important. Requirements for diagnosing ADHD are: training (graduate and post graduate), training, supervision, experience,and licensing. Even with the basic professional skills, cooperation and suggestions from current or former psychotherapist, parents, teachers created, teachers, doctors and / or psychiatrist, more reliable and accurate diagnoses. The value of cooperation should not be underestimated.
Sound ethical practice is forcing doctors, the least restrictive and least risky form of therapy offers / treatment of adolescents with ADHD. Medication or intensive psycho-therapeuticBenefits should only be granted if the client would not be favorable to react less invasive treatment approaches. It is therefore crucial to determine whether the "functional impairment is present or not. Customers who are functionally impaired, are in their environment to be successful without expert support, services and / or psycho-therapeutic or medical treatment. If impairment is established, then it is the responsibility of the treatment team working together for theeffective method of treatment.
Too often a person is misdiagnosed with ADHD is not on attention deficit problems, but because of their unique personality, learning style, too emotional to explain better-up, energy and activity, and other psychosocial factors that their problematic behaviors. A misdiagnosis could be related to other mental or emotional conditions (see next section), a life circumstance, including the unemployment of a parent, divorce, familyDysfunction or medical conditions. In a small but significant number of cases, the diagnosis of ADHD better represented by an adult an ambitious, willful and oppositional child, should not this also with these problems may have to manage ADHD.
It is important that before an ADHD diagnosis is reached (is prescribed primarily to the drug), such that a clinician consider when others can simultaneously from mental illness or medical, for the hyperactive, impulsive,and / or inattentive symptoms. Because other diseases like symptoms shares with ADHD, it is necessary that the probability of a spiritual / psychological disorders over the life of another of the opinion that possibly for symptoms a client's account. Finalized For example, generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder shares symptoms of disorganization, lack of concentration and work issues. A trained and qualified specialist in ADHD is the differential diagnoses to consider,Arrival at the most logical and clinically positive findings. Typical diseases are excluded, including: generalized anxiety, major depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Abuse Disorders. Furthermore, medical explanations should also be given to: sleep disorders, nutritional deficiencies, hearing impairment, and others.
If an alternative practitioner formally a client with ADHD diagnoses, ie, a psychotherapist, it is recommended that a second opinion(or confirmation of the diagnosis search) by a psychiatrist. Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the medical side of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are able to medicines, be the need to prescribe to treat ADHD. In collaboration, the parents, school staff, the national psychotherapists and psychiatrists, the effectiveness of the medical component of ADHD treatment.
In summary, ADHD is a mental health andDisorder, is increasingly accepted, and should therefore be treated better. To achieve a high professional assessment, diagnosis, education and treatment standards, it is important that trained and qualified practitioners, the multidimensional aspects of ADHD: history, diagnosis, statistics, understand aetiology and treatment. Training, experience, a great interest in details, a solid base of information, and a system of co-creating thePotential for positive results in the treatment of ADHD.
References and quotations are available upon request E-mail: Rossr61@comcast.net
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